My research interests are:

• Marine food web dynamics
• Management of marine resources
• The effects of seabirds from ecosystem changes

Hughes, T.P., Gunderson, L.H., Folke, C., Baird, A., Bellwood, D., Berkes, F., Crona, B., Helfgott, A., Leslie, H., Norberg, J., Nyström, M., Olsson, P., Österblom, H., Scheffer, M., Schuttenberg, H., Steneck, R.S., Tengö, M., Troell, M., Walker, B., Wilson, J. & Worm, B. (2007) Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef and the Grand Canyon World Heritage Areas. Ambio 36 (7) 586-592

Conventional perceptions of the interactions between people and their environment are rapidly transforming. Old paradigms that view humans as separate from nature, natural resources as inexhaustible or endlessly substitutable, and the world as stable, predictable, and in balance are no longer tenable. New conceptual frameworks are rapidly emerging based on an adaptive approach that focuses on learning and flexible management in a dynamic social-ecological landscape. Using two iconic World Heritage Areas as case studies (the Great Barrier Reef and the Grand Canyon) we outline how an improved integration of the scientific and social aspects of natural resource management can guide the evolution of multiscale systems of governance that confront and cope with uncertainty, risk, and change in an increasingly human-dominated world.

Österblom H., Hansson S., Larsson U., Hjerne O., Wulff F., Elmgren & R. Folke C. (2007) Human-induced Trophic Cascades and Ecological Regime Shifts in the Baltic Sea. Ecosystems 10(6): 877-889

The ecosystems of coastal and enclosed seas are under increasing anthropogenic pressure worldwide, with Chesapeake Bay, the Gulf of Mexico and the Black and Baltic Seas as well known examples. We use an ecosystem model (Ecopath with Ecosim, EwE) to show that reduced top-down control (seal predation) and increased bottom-up forcing (eutrophication) can largely explain the historical dynamics of the main fish stocks (cod, herring and sprat) in the Baltic Sea between 1900 and 1980. Based on these results and the historical fish stock development we identify two major ecological transitions. A shift from seal to cod domination was caused by a virtual elimination of marine mammals followed by a shift from an oligotrophic to a eutrophic state. A third shift from cod to clupeid domination in the late 1980s has previously been explained by overfishing of cod and climatic changes. We propose that the shift from an oligotrophic to a eutrophic state represents a true regime shift with a stabilizing mechanism for a hysteresis phenomenon. There are also mechanisms that could stabilize the shift from a cod to clupeid dominated ecosystem, but there are no indications that the ecosystem has been pushed that far yet. We argue that the shifts in the Baltic Sea are a consequence of human impacts, although variations in climate may have influenced their timing, magnitude and persistence.

Österblom H., Casini M., Olsson O. & Bignert A. (2006) Fish, seabirds and trophic cascades in the Baltic Sea.Marine Ecology Progress Series 323: 233-238

In the relatively simple Baltic Sea ecosystem, zooplankton-feeding sprat Sprattus sprattus is a major food source for breeding seabirds and piscivorous fish, and an important resource for commercial fisheries. Large-scale and long-term ecosystem changes resulting mainly from over fishing and recruitment failure of cod Gadus morhua, which is the main fish predator of sprat, have affected natural-history patterns in a piscivorous seabird, the common guillemot Uria aalge, in a com-
plex way. As the sprat stock increased, leading to lower energy content of fish, common guillemot chick body mass at fledging decreased. However, chick fledging body mass recovered in recent years as the sprat stock diminished, which brought about corresponding increases in sprat weight-at-age and energy content. The cod and sprat fishery affect the common guillemots in the Baltic Sea, but the effects differ depending on the management strategy.